Dic: take to

■ take to: phrasal verb

1. To have recourse to; go to, as for safety: took to the woods.
2. To develop as a habit or a steady practice: take to drink.
3. To become fond of or attached to: "Two keen minds that they are, they took to each other" (Jack Kerouac).

.... The American Heritage

■ take to

1. [PHRASAL VERB] V P n | If you take to someone or something, you like them, especially after knowing them or thinking about them for only a short time.
   .. (ex) Did the children take to him?...
2. [PHRASAL VERB] V P -ing | If you take to doing something, you begin to do it as a regular habit.
   .. (ex) They had taken to wandering through the streets arm-in-arm.

.... Cobuild

(ex) Sandra took to it straight away.
(ex) Charles was an odd character whom Kelly had never really taken to.
(ex) Dee's taken to getting up at 6 and going jogging.

■ Cf.  take to your bed: to get into your bed and stay there
(ex) He was so depressed, he took to his bed for a week.

.... LDOCE

■ Cf. take the floor, take to the floor

Dic: fail somebody

■

[Cobuild] If someone fails you, they do not do what you had expected or trusted them to do.

• ...communities who feel that the political system has failed them.

[OALD] DISAPPOINT SB: 6. [vn]

1. to disappoint sb;
2. to be unable to help when needed.

• When he lost his job, he felt he had failed his family.
• She tried to be brave, but her courage failed her.
• Words fail me (=I cannot express how I feel).

■ CF.
[Cobuild] If someone fails you in a test, examination, or course, they judge that you have not reached a high enough standard in it. (≠ pass)

• ...the two men who had failed him during his first year of law school.

[LDOCE] to decide that someone has not passed a test or examination

• 　Her work was so bad that I had no choice but to fail her.

pool table

■ pool table: n. A six-pocket billiards table on which pool is played. 당구대

... http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pool+table

■ Billiard table

A billiard table or billiards table (or more specifically a pool table or snooker table) is a bounded table on which billiards-type games (cue sports) are played. In the modern era, all billiards tables, regardless of whether for carom billiards, pool or snooker, provide a flat surface usually made of quarried slate, that is covered with cloth and surrounded by vulcanized rubber cushions, with the whole elevated above the floor. An obsolete term is billiard board, used in the 16th and 17th centuries. (.....)

... 자료: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiard_table

Dic: want for nothing, want for something

■ want for something (slightly formal): to lack something that you need.

• We didn't have much, but we never wanted for food. 
• I certainly don't want for advice. In fact, I have had too much. 
• We don't want for helpers around here.

... http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/want+for

■ want for nothing: Fig. not to lack anything; to have everything one needs or desires.

• The Smiths don't have much money, but their children seem to want for nothing. 
• Lisa's husband spoils her. She wants for nothing.

... http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/want+for+nothing

Dic: democratic socialism, social democracy

1. Red Vocabulary

• DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM: http://reds.linefeed.org/vocab.html#DS

The belief that the equality which socialism is designed to bring cannot be achieved without democracy. Unlike Social Democracy, Democratic Socialists are more Left-wing than centrist. Democratic Socialists are opposed to both Communism and capitalism, feeling that both systems have failed to emancipate the workers of the world from exploitation. During the Cold War, when the Social Democrats sided with the capitalist West and the Communists sided with the East, Democratic Socialists were pulled in the middle, because they saw both systems as evil in different ways. While the Soviet Union had political inequality, America had economic inequality. Perhaps the earliest large Democratic Socialist movement in America was the Socialist Party of America, which was founded in 1901 by Eugene V. Debs and his comrades. Today, perhaps the best-known American advocate of Democratic Socialism is Howard Zinn, columnist for The Progressive, author of A People뭩 History of the United States, and professor emiritus of Boston University. The largest Democratic Socialist groups are the Socialist Party USA and the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA). There are also Democratic Socialists within the Greens USA. Other world Democratic Socialist parties include the Socialist Party of the Netherlands, the German PDS, the Australian DSP, and the Japanese New Socialist Party.

• SOCIAL DEMOCRACY: http://reds.linefeed.org/vocab.html#SD

Much like the term Communism, Social Democracy has changed in meaning dramatically over the years. Originally, it referred to any form of Marxist organization, but after the Menshevik-Bolshevik split and the subsequent revolution in Russia, the term Social Democrat came to describe reformist socialists, similar to the modern-day term Democratic Socialist. Today, the term has gone through a further metamorphosis. It now is used to define the moderate left. Social Democrats tend to support only mild economic reforms and some nationalization, and prefer working in a center-left coalition over working with the far left. Few even acknowledge respect for Karl Marx, and they are vehemently opposed to any form of Leninism. Examples of Social Democratic parties include the British Labour Party (as well as the Israeli Labour Party), the German Social Democratic Party, and the moderate wing of the Canadian New Democratic Party. In America, the left wing of the Democratic Party (the "Progressive Caucus") could be considered Social Democratic. The international organization of Social Democracy is the Socialist International. 

2. Wikipedia

• Democratic socialism: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism

Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements and organizations, to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation. The term is sometimes used synonymously with 'social democracy', but many self-identified democratic socialists oppose contemporary social democracy because social democracy retains the capitalist mode of production.[1]

Democratic socialism is often used in contrast to the Communist movement (Leninism), opposing democratic centralism and the concept of the revolutionary vanguard, instead advocating for the creation of economic democracy by and for the working class. Democratic socialists are, by definition reformist in their strategy.

Definition: Democratic socialism is difficult to define, and groups of scholars have radically different definitions for the term. Some definitions simply refer to all forms of socialism that follow an electoral, reformist or evolutionary path to socialism, rather than a revolutionary one.[2] Often, this definition is invoked to distinguish democratic socialism from communism, as in Donald Busky's Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey[3], Jim Tomlinson's Democratic Socialism and Economic Policy: The Attlee Years, 1945-1951, Norman Thomas Democratic Socialism: a new appraisal or Roy Hattersley's Choose Freedom: The Future of Democratic Socialism.

But for those who use the term in this way, the scope of the term "socialism" itself can be very vague, and include forms of socialism compatible with capitalism. For example, Robert M. Page, a Reader in Democratic Socialism and Social Policy at the University of Birmingham, writes about "transformative democratic socialism" to refer to the politics of the Clement Attlee government (a strong welfare state, fiscal redistribution, some nationalisation) and "revisionist democratic socialism", as developed by Anthony Crosland and Harold Wilson:

The most influential revisionist Labour thinker, Anthony Crosland..., contended that a more 'benevolent' form of capitalism had emerged since the [Second World War]... According to Crosland, it was now possible to achieve greater equality in society without the need for 'fundamental' economic transformation. For Crosland, a more meaningful form of equality could be achieved if the growth dividend derived from effective management of the economy was invested in 'pro-poor' public services rather than through fiscal redistribution.[4]

Indeed, some proponents of market socialism see the latter as a form of democratic socialism.[5]

A variant of this set of definitions is Joseph Schumpeter’s argument, set out in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1941), that liberal democracies were evolving from "liberal capitalism" into democratic socialism, with the growth of workers' self-management, industrial democracy and regulatory institutions.[6]

In contrast, other definitions of democratic socialism sharply distinguish it from social democracy.[1] For example, Peter Hain classifies democratic socialism, along with libertarian socialism, as a form of anti-authoritarian "socialism from below" (using the term popularised by Hal Draper), in contrast to Stalinism and social democracy, variants of authoritarian state socialism. For Hain, this democratic/authoritarian divide is more important than the revolutionary/reformist divide.[7] In this definition, it is the active participation of the population as a whole, and workers in particular, in the management of economy that characterises democratic socialism, while nationalisation and economic planning (whether controlled by an elected government or not) are characteristic of state socialism. A similar, but more complex, argument is made by Nicos Poulantzas.[8]

Other definitions fall between the first and second set, seeing democratic socialism as a specific political tradition closely related to and overlapping with social democracy. For example, Bogdan Denitch, in Democratic Socialism, defines it as proposing a radical reorganization of the socio-economic order through public ownership, workers' control of the labor process and redistributive tax policies.[9] Robert G. Picard similarly describes a democratic socialist tradition of thought including Eduard Bernstein, Karl Kautsky, Evan Durbin and Michael Harrington.[10]

The term democratic socialism can be used in a third way, to refer to a version of the Soviet model that was reformed in a democratic way. For example, Mikhail Gorbachev described perestroika as building a "new, humane and democratic socialism".[11] Consequently, some former Communist parties have rebranded themselves as democratic socialist, as with the Party of Democratic Socialism in Germany.

Hal Draper uses the term "revolutionary-democratic socialism" as a type of socialism from below in his The Two Souls of Socialism. He writes: 'the leading spokesman in the Second International of a revolutionary-democratic Socialism-from-Below [was] Rosa Luxemburg, who so emphatically put her faith and hope in the spontaneous struggle of a free working class that the myth-makers invented for her a "theory of spontaneity"'.[12] Similarly, about Eugene Debs, he writes: '"Debsian socialism" evoked a tremendous response from the heart of the people, but Debs had no successor as a tribune of revolutionary-democratic socialism'.[13]

Justification of democratic socialism can be found in the works of social philosophers like Charles Taylor and Axel Honneth, among others. Honneth has put forward the view that political and economic ideologies have a social basis, that is, they originate from intersubjective communication between members of a society.[14] Honneth criticises the liberal state because it assumes that principles of individual liberty and private property are ahistorical and abstract, when, in fact, they evolved from a specific social discourse on human activity. Contra liberal individualism, Honneth has emphasised the inter-subjective dependence between humans; that is, our well-being depends on recognising others and being recognised by them. Democratic socialism, with its emphasis on social collectivism, could be seen as a way of safeguarding this dependency.

In recent years, some have suggested replacing "democratic" with "participatory" upon seeing the reduction of the former to parliamentarism. (...)

• social democracy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy

Social democracy is a political ideology of the centre-left on the classic political spectrum. The contemporary social democratic movement seeks to reform capitalism to align it with the ethical ideals of social justice while maintaining the capitalist mode of production, as opposed to creating an alternative socialist economic system.[1] Practical modern social democratic policies include the promotion of a welfare state, and the creation of economic democracy as a means to secure workers' rights.[2]

Historically, social democracy was a form of evolutionary reformist socialism[2] that advocated the establishment of a socialist economy through class struggle. During the early 20th century, major European social democratic parties began to reject elements of Marxism, Revolutionary socialism and class struggle, taking a moderate position that socialism could be established through political reforms. The distinction between Social Democracy and Democratic Socialism had yet to fully develop at this time. The Frankfurt Declaration of the Socialist International in 1951, attended by many social democratic parties from across the world, committed adherents to oppose Bolshevik communism and Stalinism, and to promote a gradual transformation of capitalism into socialism.[3]

Social democracy, as practiced in Europe in 1951, was a socialist movement supporting gradualism; the belief that gradual democratic reforms to capitalist economies will eventually succeed in creating a socialist economy.[4] rejecting forcible imposition of socialism through revolutionary means.[4] This gradualism has resulted in various far left groups, including communists, of accusing social democracy of accepting the values of capitalist society and therefore not being a genuine form of socialism[4],instead labeling it a concession made to the working class classes by the ruling class. Social democracy rejects the Marxian principle of dictatorship of the proletariat and the creation of a socialist state, claiming that gradualist democratic reforms will improve the rights of the working class.[5]

Since the rise in popularity of the New Right and neoliberalism, a number of prominent social democratic parties have abandoned the goal of the gradual evolution of capitalism to socialism and instead support welfare state capitalism.[6] Social democracy as such has arisen as a distinct ideology from democratic socialism. In many countries, social democrats continue to exist alongside democratic socialists, who stand to the left of them on the political spectrum. The two movements sometimes operate within the same political party, such as the Brazilian Workers' Party[7] and the Socialist Party of France. In recent years, several social democratic parties (in particular, the British Labour Party) have embraced more centrist, Third Way policy positions. This development has generated considerable controversy.

The Socialist International (SI) is the main international organization of social democratic and moderate socialist parties.  It affirms the following principles: first, freedom—not only individual liberties, but also freedom from discrimination and freedom from dependence on either the owners of the means of production or the holders of abusive political power; second, equality and social justice—not only before the law but also economic and socio-cultural equality as well, and equal opportunities for all including those with physical, mental, or social disabilities; and, third, solidarity—unity and a sense of compassion for the victims of injustice and inequality. These ideals are described in further detail in the SI's Declaration of Principles. (...)

3. WordIq

• Democratic socialism: http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Democratic_socialism

Democratic socialism is a political movement propagating the ideals of socialism within the framework of a parliamentary democracy. Thinkers, writers and activists such as Robert Owen, Karl Marx, George Orwell, and Sidney and Beatrice Webb can all be said to have contributed to "democratic socialist philosophy". However, popular movements such as the growth of trade unionism, the Chartists and the Labour Party (UK) (a "democratic socialist party" according to the first line of its constitution) or the SPD in Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, are equally critical to understanding Democratic Socialism. 

It should be noted, however, that many of those who describe themselves as "socialists" often argue that socialism necessarily implies democracy, thus making "democratic socialism" a redundant term. The fact that one specific movement is called Democratic Socialism does not mean that other branches of socialism must be any less democratic. 

The terms "Democratic Socialism" and "Social Democracy" have often been used interchangeably, and, indeed, they could be considered synonymous until recently. Today, however, they usually denote two different things: Social Democracy is more centrist and supports a broadly capitalist system, with just a few socialist elements to make it more equitable and humane. Meanwhile, Democratic Socialism is more left-wing and it supports a fully socialist system, seeking to establish that socialist system by gradually reforming capitalism from within. Thus, Democratic Socialism is an evolutionary socialist movement.

Democratic socialists and social democrats both typically advocate at least a welfare state, although social democrats, being influenced by the Third Way, are now less committed to this. Democratic socialists maintain a commitment to the re-distribution of wealth and the nationalisation of major industry, and some believe in a planned economy; these are all concepts which social democrats have largely abandoned. In addition, many democratic socialists retain a Marxist analysis (though sometimes a reformist one), while social democrats reject Marxism. 

Democratic socialist parties appeared before the First World War, when no single country could be described as democratic in the modern use of the term, because of electoral discrimination on the basis of gender, race or wealth. What distinguished democratic socialists from others was a willingness to work through a parliamentary democracy (even if people were still disenfranchised) to both improve the lives of working classes and win the vote, rather than resort to revolution (the overthrow of the state). (...)

• social democracy: http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Social_Democrats

Social democracy is a political ideology emerging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from supporters of Marxism who believed that the transition to a socialist society could be achieved through democratic evolutionary rather than revolutionary means. During the early and mid-20th century, social democrats were in favor of stronger labor laws, nationalization of major industries, and a strong welfare state. Over the course of the 20th century, most social democrats gradually distanced themselves from Marxism and class struggle. As of 2004, social democrats generally do not see a conflict between a capitalist market economy and their definition of a socialist society, and support reforming capitalism in an attempt to make it more equitable through the creation and maintenance of a welfare state. Most social democratic parties are members of the Socialist International, which is a successor to the Second International. 

Often, the term socialism is used to denote social democrats, although in many countries socialism is a broader concept including democratic socialists, Marxists, communists, libertarian socialists and sometimes anarchists. 

In the past, social democrats were often described as reformist socialists (since they advocated the implementation of socialism through gradual reforms). They were contrasted with the revolutionary socialists, who advocated the implementation of socialism through a workers' revolution. Today, however, the democratic socialists carry on the legacy of reformist socialism and seek to bring about a fully socialist system through electoral means, while most of the social democrats only wish to make capitalism more equitable (and see the abolition of capitalism as unnecessary). 

Social democratic parties are among the largest parties in most countries in Europe, as well as in the majority of European-influenced parts of the world (with the notable exception of the United States). Social democrats are seen as centre left in orientation. (...)

Dic: 철저, 송두리, 송두리째

■ 철저(徹底) [명사]

속속들이 꿰뚫어 미치어 밑바닥까지 빈틈이나 부족함이 없음.
(태도(態度)나 상태(狀態)가) 속속들이 꿰뚫거나 미치어 부족(不足)함이나 빈틈이 없음.

• 大悟徹底: 大 클,큰(대), 클(태), 클(다); 悟 깨달을(오); 徹 통할(철); 底 밑(저), 이룰(지)
  
  ①크게 깨달아서 번뇌(煩惱), 의혹(疑惑)이 다 없어짐 ②우주(宇宙)의 대아(大我)를 남김없이 모두 앎
  
  
• 徹底澄淸: 澄 맑을(징), 나뉠(등); 淸 맑을(청)
  
  물이 밑바닥까지 맑다는 뜻으로, 지극(至極)히 청렴결백(淸廉潔白)함을 이르는 말

■ 송두리 [명사] 있는 것의 전부.

• 한 번에 송두리를 빼다.
• 살맛조차 송두리 잃었으리라마는 요즘 매일과 같이 이 험한 깊은 산속에 올라와…. 출처 :김유정, 산골

■ 송두리째 [부사] 있는 전부를 모조리

• 재산을 송두리째 다 써 버리다.
• 노름으로 가산을 송두리째 날리다.
• 화재로 집이 송두리째 타 버렸다.

.... 네이버국어(국립국어원)

[용어] 소비자 자본주의(consumer capitalism): 경영학 밖에서의 쓰임

사례 1: 소비자문화론(consumer culture theory : CCT)을 넘어서 (지은이: 김성천, 한국소비자원)

• 현대 소비자자본주의의 시대에 노동자와 소비자는 양면적 사회관계이다. 쇼핑몰은 소비자교(consumer religion)에 예배드리러 가는 현대식 '소비자교 교회'이고, 월트 디즈니 월드에 놀러가는 것은 '중산층의 성지순례'라고 표현할 수 있다. 소비자주의의 이념은 이미 출생이전에서 죽음이후의 과정까지 확대되고 있다. 이미 자동차를 고르듯이 자식의 성을 선택하는 것은 소비자주의 멘탈리티의 일부이며, 소비자 개인도 온전한 한 인간이 아니라 하나의 '제품' 또는 '상품'이 되었다. (중략)
  
  ... 자료: http://www.cpb.or.kr/front/information/inf_06_view.jsp?no=741&nowpage=6

사례 2: 《발터 벤야민과 메트로폴리스》 (그램 질로크 지음)에 대한 글

• 자료 1: 문예노트 자유게시판의 글 3 (필명 미루) [참고 글1, 글2]

이하는 위 자료 1의 발췌: 

벤야민은 현대성의 신화적 형식을, 상품을 비판적으로 분석하면서, 현대의 소비자 자본주의의 조건하에 상품이 물신화하는데 초점을 두면서 드러내야 했다. 상품은 내부에 19세기 파리 사람의 사회적 삶의 모든 경향을 포함하고 있다. 벤야민에게 상품은 현대 문화 형태라는 총체성을 파악하는 열쇠를 포함한 단편이었다. 상품은 현대적 원사의 모나드적 형식으로 구성되어 있다. 벤야민은 상품 물신성을 삼중 구조로 이해한다. 

• 첫 번째로 상품물신성은 현대성의 신화이자 의식의 미혹이다. 
• 두 번째로 상품 물신성은 대상의 우상화와 관련 있다. 인간 노동의 산물은 생산자에게 헌신을 요구하는 지배적인 사물로 되돌아온다. 
• 세 번째로 상품물신성은 비유기체에 투사된 에로틱, 왜곡된 성적 욕망이다. 

상품 물신성의 첫 번째 측면에 대해서는 이미 살펴 보았다. 볼린은 벤야민이 어떻게 상품 물성을 현대성의 원사의 통합적 요인으로 간주했는 지를 이렇게 요약한다.

 새로움 그 자체가 철저하게 교환될 수 있었던 원시적 삶에서 지배적인 순환적 시간 개념으로의 회귀를 제시하면서…. 그는 19세기 자본주의의 조건으로부터 도시 생활을 구별시켜 주는 새로운 상품의 판타스마고리아적 확산을 보여주려 했다. 소비의 관점에서 보면, 전면적인 상품 생산은 늘 새로운 것의 생산이라는 외양속의 반복 동일성의 재생산인 거대한 신화의 복귀를 의미한다. (중략)  

벤야민의 상품 물신성 개념은 꿈 같은 세계의 요소로서 자본제적 산업 발전의 산물 이해에만 국한되지 않는다. 이것은 마르크스가 1844년 <경제학  철학 수고>에서 자본제적 산업 생산의 조건하에서의 인간 주체와 인간의 ‘類的 존재’의 소외를 설명하는 것과 비교된다. (중략)

• 자료 2: 제3장. 변증법적 이미지: 파리와 현대성의 판타스마고리아, (블로그 archadia에서)

[용어] 소비자 자본주의(consumer capitalism): 경영학 계통에서의 쓰임

소비자 자본주의의 시대(The Age of Customer Capitalism)[Roger Martin 지음, 하버드 비즈니스 리뷰, 2010년 1/2월]를 사례 삼아.

.. 1. 부분 번역: http://blog.naver.com/realtiamat/130080538052

.. 2. 요약: 블로그, EsBee Story에서,

• 상편: http://esbee.textcube.com/302
• 하편: http://esbee.textcube.com/303

Dic: how, why, comment ?

■ how is it that ... ?  → comment se fait-il que ... + subj ?
■ how come: informal (why is it that) → comment ça se fait

Note: how come is short for the phrase "How did it come to be that..."

• How come you aren't at work? 
• = Tu n'es pas au travail : comment ça se fait ? 
• = Comment ça se fait que tu n'es pas au travail ?

Note:

■ When how is used as a question word meaning in what way? or by what means? (how did you get here?, how will you do it?) it is almost always translated by comment:

• comment es-tu arrivé ici?; 
• comment le feras-tu?

■ When how is used as a conjunction meaning the way in which it is often translated by comment:

• I don't know how they did it = je ne sais pas comment ils l'ont fait
• tell me how you make a curry = dis-moi comment on fait un curry.

■ When how is used as a conjunction meaning that it is almost always translated by que:

• he told me how he had stolen the money = il m'a dit qu'il avait volé l'argent; 
• it's amazing how they survived = c'est étonnant qu'ils aient survécu.

... http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-french/how
http://www.wordreference.com/enfr/how

Dic: have something in view, something is on view

• They have very clear career aims in view...
• Ackroyd worked out this whole plot with one objective in view.
• with this end/object/aim etc in view 　
• Defence was all-important, and castles were designed with this end in view.
• What sort of job did you have in view ?

[PHRASE] usu PHR after v | If you have something in view, you are aware of it and your actions are aimed towards it. (= in mind)

....... Cobuild

in view: [formal] having something in your mind as an aim

..... LDOCE

cf.

[PHRASE] usu v-link PHR | If something such as a work of art is on view, it is shown in public for people to look at.

• A significant exhibition of contemporary sculpture will be on view at the Portland Gallery.

N-SING : with supp, oft N of n, poss N | If you have a view of something, you can see it.

•  He stood up to get a better view of the blackboard.

...... Cobuild

Dic: hold sb responsible / accountable / liable (for sth)

• If anything happens to her, I'll hold you personally responsible. 　
• He may have had a terrible childhood, but he should still be held accountable for his own actions.

to say or decide that someone should accept the responsibility for something bad that happens.

.... LDOCE

Dic: almost, nearly

almost, ADV 

ADV group, ADV before v | You use almost to indicate that something is not completely the case but is nearly the case. (= nearly)

• The couple had been dating for almost three years.     
• Storms have been hitting almost all of Britain recently.     
• The effect is almost impossible to describe.     
• The arrested man will almost certainly be kept at this police station.     
• He contracted Spanish flu, which almost killed him.

nearly, ADV 

1. ADV group, ADV before v | Nearly is used to indicate that something is not quite the case, or not completely the case. (= almost, practically)

• Goldsworth stared at me in silence for nearly twenty seconds.    
• Hunter knew nearly all of this already.     
• Several times Thorne nearly fell.    
• I nearly had a heart attack when she told me.    
• The beach was nearly empty.    
• They nearly always ate outside.     

2. ADV group, ADV before v | Nearly is used to indicate that something will soon be the case. (= almost)

• It was already nearly eight o'clock.    
• I was nearly asleep.    
• The voyage is nearly over.    
• You're nearly there.    
• I've nearly finished the words for your song.   

3. PHRASE : PHR adj/adv, PHR n | You use not nearly to emphasize that something is not the case. (= nowhere near)

• Father's flat in Paris wasn't nearly as grand as this.     
• Minerals in general are not nearly so well absorbed as other nutrients.    
• British car workers did not earn nearly enough money to buy the products they were turning out.

....... Cobuild

[외신] 독일의 다문화 사회는 완전히 실패했다

최근 이민 문제로 시끄러운 독일에서 독일 수상이 어제(10.16, 토) 다문화 사회가 완전히 실패했다고 언급해 화제라고 한다. 한편, 업계 경영자들을 대변하는 독일 상공회의소 의장은 독일에 엔지니어 및 학위 취득자 약 40만 명이 모자르다며 경제성장 1%에 해당하는 결손으로 추정했다고 한다.


자료 1: Le Monde, Selon Merkel, le modèle multiculturel en Allemagne a "totalement échoué"

La chancelière allemande Angela Merkel a affirmé samedi que le modèle d'une Allemagne multiculturelle, où cohabiteraient harmonieusement différentes cultures, avait "totalement échoué". Le débat sur l'immigration divise l'Allemagne depuis la publication d'un pamphlet d'un haut fonctionnaire, Thilo Sarrazin, qui sous le titre "L'Allemagne se défait", affirme que son pays "s'abrutit" sous le poids des immigrés musulmans.

L'Allemagne manque de main d'oeuvre qualifiée et ne peut pas se passer d'immigrants, mais ceux-ci doivent s'intégrer et adopter la culture et les valeurs allemandes, a insisté Angela Merkel dans un discours devant les Jeunesses de sa formation conservatrice. Le credo "Multikulti" (multiculturel) – "Nous vivons maintenant côte à côte et nous nous en réjouissons" – a échoué, selon elle. "Cette approche a échoué, totalement échoué", a martelé la chancelière.

"LE MULTIKULTI EST MORT"

La classe politique a condamné les thèses de Thilo Sarrazin, mais selon les sondages une majorité des Allemands les approuvent. Une étude publiée cette semaine montre même que plus de 50 % d'entre eux tolèrent mal les musulmans. Plus de 35 % estiment que l'Allemagne est "submergée" par les étrangers et 10 % que l'Allemagne devrait être dirigée "d'une main ferme" par un "führer".

Dans son discours, Mme Merkel semblait ainsi ménager l'aile libérale de sa formation et l'aile conservatrice, incarnée par le chef de la CSU, Horst Seehofer. Ce dernier avait déjà lancé vendredi devant le même public: "Nous nous engageons pour la culture de référence allemande et contre le multiculturel. Le Multikulti est mort".

"DÉMESURÉ, HYPOCRITE ET HYSTÉRIQUE"

Tout en affirmant que l'Allemagne restait un pays ouvert au monde, Angela Merkel a estimé: "Nous n'avons pas besoin d'une immigration qui pèse sur notre système social". Cependant, le pays ne pourra faire l'économie de spécialistes étrangers même s'il forme des chômeurs allemands, a estimé la chancelière.

M. Seehofer avait fait scandale une semaine plus tôt en déclarant que son pays n'avait "plus besoin d'immigrants de pays aux cultures différentes, comme les Turcs et les Arabes", car s'intégrer "est au final plus difficile" pour eux. Le chef du Conseil central des juifs d'Allemagne, Stephan Kramer, a estimé samedi que le discours tenu par M. Seehofer était "carrément irresponsable" et le débat sur l'intégration des immigrés "démesuré, hypocrite et hystérique".

Selon le président de la chambre de commerce et d'industrie allemande, Hans Heinrich Driftmann, il manque à l'économie allemande environ 400 000 ingénieurs et personnels diplômés. "Cela nous coûte environ 1 % de croissance", a-t-il estimé dimanche dans le journal Welt am Sonntag.

자료 2: BBC, Merkel says German multicultural society has failed

Wikipedia on free market, market economy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy

....

이건 또 뭐냐: Lennonist economics, The Economist, 2007년 9월

Material (evidence or information)

[Cobuild: 7. ADJ : ADJ n]

Material evidence or information is directly relevant and important in a legal or academic argument.[FORMAL]

• The nature and availability of material evidence was not to be discussed.
  

[AmH: 4] Being both relevant and consequential; crucial:

• testimony material to the inquiry.
  

[WorNet 3.0: Adj.3]

directly relevant to a matter especially a law case;

• "his support made a material difference";
• "evidence material to the issue at hand";
• "facts likely to influence the judgment are called material facts";
• "a material witness"
• (Ant) immaterial: of no importance or relevance especially to a law case; "an objection that is immaterial after the fact"

***

cf. Synonyms: relevant, pertinent, germane, material, apposite, apropos

These adjectives describe what relates to and has a direct bearing on the matter at hand.

• Something relevant is connected with a subject or issue: performed experiments relevant to her research.
• Pertinent suggests a logical, precise relevance: assigned pertinent articles for the class to read.
• Germane implies close kinship and appropriateness: "He asks questions that are germane and central to the issue" Marlin Fitzwater.
• Something material is not only relevant but also crucial to a matter: reiterated the material facts of the lawsuit.
• Apposite implies a striking appropriateness and pertinence: used apposite verbal images in the paper.
• Something apropos is both to the point and opportune: an apropos comment that concisely answered my question.

Picoeconomics and George Ainslie

Main Website: http://picoeconomics.org/

• specious reward, Psychological Bulletin(1975)
• A behavioral economic approach to the defense mechanisms: Freud’s energy theory revisited, Social Science Information(1982)
• Beyond microeconomics: conflict among interest in a multiple self as a determinant of value In J. Elster (ed.), The Multiple Self, Cambridge University Press, pp. 133-175, 1986
• Freud and Picoeconomics, Behaviorism(1989)
• Derivation of "rational" economic behavior, American Economic Review(1991)

• Précis of Breakdown of Will, 2001
• Précis of Breakdown of Will, Behavioral and Brain Sciences(2005)

건축용어를 찾아서: 수리, 보수, 개조, 개보수

• 수리(修理), 보수(補修), 개조(改造), 개보수(改補修)
• 여기에 공사란 낱말을 조합하면 수리 공사, 보수 공사, 개조 공사, 개보수 공사와 같은 말이 성립될 것 같다.

자료 1: http://kr.blog.yahoo.com/wir1004/677.html?p=1&t=2

개보수 (Renovation, Remodeling): 현존 구조체를 개조 보수하는 작업. 개보수가 신축의 경우보다 예산이 더 많이 드는 경우가 있으므로 작업 이전에 리스트가 작성되어야 하며, 견적서를 받아 경제성 여부를 평가한 후, 공간 확장, 평면 개조 혹은 장식 등의 계약을 체결하는 것이 일반적이다.

자료 2: 다음 전문용어사전, http://enc.daum.net/dic100/terms_trans.do?m=search&q=보수 , http://enc.daum.net/dic100/terms_trans.do?m=search&q=renovation

보수(補修):

• [토목건축] maintenance (영어). 구조물이나 설비의 기능 유지를 위하여 실시하는 점검수리.
• [토목건축] repair (영어). 기능을 유지하기 위하여 바로 잡아 고치는 것.
• [토목건축] mending (영어). 바로 잡아 고치는 것.

renovation:

• [토목건축] 개조 (改造). 기존 건축물의 구조를 크게 변경하지 않는 범위에서 수리하는 것

건축용어 사전도 아쉬울 때가 있다. 이런 책도 나왔구나. 알기 쉬운 한국 건축용어 사전 ...

Dic: faire valoir

[1]

1. faire fructifier: Faire valoir un capital.
2. mettre en avant: Il ne cesse de faire valoir ses enfants.
3. cf. Faire valoir un droit : l'exercer.
4. cf. Se faire valoir: faire ressortir ses qualités, parfois avec excès.

.... http://fr.thefreedictionary.com/valoir

[2]

a. [argument] to emphasize, to put forward (separable)
b. [opinion, raisons] to put forward (separable)
c. [droit] to assert, to enforce
d. [qualité] to highlight, to bring out (separable)

• faire valoir ses droits à la retraite. = to provide evidence for one's entitlement to a pension.
• elle fait valoir sa fille. = she pushes her daughter forward.
• se faire valoir = to show oneself off to advantage
• faire valoir un capital: [économie]to turn a sum of money to (good) account, to make a sum of money yield a good profit.
• faire valoir des terres/une propriété = to derive profit from land/a property

.... http://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais-anglais/valoir

Dic: auprès de

locution prépositionnelle

1. à côté de: close to, near, by

•  rester auprès de quelqu'un.  = to stay with (OU close to) somebody.

2. dans l'opinion de:

•  il passe pour un fin connaisseur auprès de ses amis. = he's considered a connoisseur by his friends.

3. en s'adressant à:

•  chercher du réconfort auprès d'un ami. = to seek comfort from a friend.
• faire une demande auprès d'un organisme. = to make an application (OU to apply) to an organization.

4. comparé à: compared with (OU to)

•  ce n'est rien auprès de ce qu'il a gagné. = it's nothing compared to (OU with) what he made.

5. dans un titre:

•  ambassadeur auprès du roi du Danemark. = ambassador to the King of Denmark.

... http://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais-anglais/aupres/544779

Dic: une filière

n.f.
1.  Succession de degrés à franchir, de formalités à remplir avant de parvenir à un certain résultat:

• La filière technique de l'enseignement. 
• Il a suivi toute la filière pour arriver à ce poste de directeur (= les degrés de la hiérarchie).

2.  Ensemble des activités, des industries relatives à un produit de base:

• La filière électronique.

3.  Outil servant à fileter une vis.

Cf.

1. (ÉCONOMIE) (= activités de production) → industry 
   .. la filière bovine → the beef industry
   .. la filière bois → the timber industry 
2. (ÉDUCATION) → stream (Grande-Bretagne), track (USA) 
3. (= réseau) → network 
4. (succession d'étapes) → procedure

..... http://fr.thefreedictionary.com/filière

Dic: le pendant

nm.

B. −P. anal.(par analogy)

1. Objet d'art, de décoration symétrique d'un autre et formant la paire avec lui.

• Chandelier, vase, potiche, estampe, tableau et son pendant; pendants de cheminée; avoir les deux pendants.

− Loc. à valeur adv. En pendant. Symétriquement.

• On voyait à sa cheminée une magnifique miniature, le portrait de Charles X (...) et, en pendant, le portrait de Madame (Balzac, Secrets Cadignan, 1839, p.305).

2. P. anal., fam. Personne ou chose comparable ou symétrique à une autre.

• Synon: contrepartie, répartie, réplique, pareil, semblable.
• Il n'était bruit que d'une épouvantable catastrophe arrivée au Mont-Blanc, tout à fait le pendant de l'accident du Cervin (A. Daudet, Tartarin Alpes, 1885, p.264).
• Balzac devait rencontrer, en chair et en os, Mme Hanska, pendant de l'étonnante Adèle Hugo, de Sainte-Beuve (L. Daudet, Ariane, 1936, p.108):

3. Loc. verb. Faire pendant(s) à, faire/former le pendant de, se faire pendant(s)

a) [Le suj. désigne le plus souvent un élément d'une paire] Être symétrique (à), être disposé symétriquement à.

• Cet édifice (...) est orné (...) de plusieurs coupoles qui se font pendant (Romains, Copains, 1913, p.157).
• La salle à manger formait le pendant du petit salon, avec cette différence que les murs ne s'ornaient que d'une seule peinture (Green, Chaque homme, 1960, p.228):
• >4. ... un jour, nous ne serons plus bons qu'à faire un grand-papa et une grand'maman, aimés pour les sucreries de leurs poches, jusqu'à ce qu'il ne reste de nous que deux portraits immobiles, faisant pendants sur les murs du salon de nos petits-enfants...Dumas fils, Fils natur., 1858, I, 1, p.73.

b) Au fig. Correspondre à, être comparable à.

• Qu'il y ait aujourd'hui un deux-décembre faisant pendant à Austerlitz (...) qu'est-ce que cela fait? (Hugo, Actes et par. 3, 1876, p.204).
• Quelle parole!... Elle fait pendant, par son stoïcisme antique, à la citation trouvée dans la poche de l'héroïque élève du mourant (Bourget, Tapin, 1927, p.41).

.... http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/pendant

Dic: preste

adj. (de l'it. presto, prompt)

Qui est vif, rapide et précis dans ses mouvements.

• Il est encore preste pour son âge.

adroit, agile, alerte, léger, leste, rapide, vif, vite -littéraire: prompt.

alourdi, lent, lourd -familier: pataud

cf. nimble (en):

1. agile, quick, and neat in movement: nimble fingers
2. alert; acute: a nimble intellect

... http://fr.thefreedictionary.com/preste
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/nimble

Dic: au naturel, à beaucoup naturel

Il va de soi que la seconde ainsi présentée (= économie capitaliste décentralisée de marché) est mieux placée pour prendre compte et satisfaire les besoins des consommateurs. De là à considérer que "dans l'économie de marché", sans plus de précision, "le client est roi", il n'y a qu'un pas qu'il semble à beaucoup naturel de franchir.

Dic: 5. Au naturel, loc.

a) Sans apprêts.

• Que je vois donc de petitesse dans ce constant souci de sa taille!
• Dans ces apprêts, cette toilette, cette crainte de se laisser surprendre au saut du lit, au naturel (Gide, Journal, 1938, p.1328).

− Au fig. Sans apparat, sans cérémonie. Synon. au débotté.

• Aujourd'hui il s'est fait annoncer chez moi au naturel, (...) et sans rubans (Delécluze, Journal, 1824, p.46).

b) Sans voiles, nu. Synon. (être) dans l'état de nature (v. nature II A 3).

• Au milieu des colifichets et ornements de la civilisation, mais d'une manière absolument crue... la femme était au naturel. Juste ciel! qu'attendait donc la police? (Jouve, Scène capit., 1935, p.44).

− Au fig. En réalité, sans fard, sans masque, sans voiles.

• Peindre au naturel.
• Dans la foule des romans qui depuis ont eu tant de vogue, c'est tantôt le vice coloré en vertu, tantôt le vice au naturel, mais peint avec tous ses attraits (Marmontel, Essai sur rom., 1799, p.312).
• Le théâtre français, la comédie française, la tragédie éternelle, notre théâtre à tous, celui où nous sommes joués au naturel (Mauriac, Journal 3, 1940, p.246).

c) Rare. Spontanément.

• Alors nos personnages naissent au naturel, sans aide ni calcul, ils naissent vraiment et pas toujours complètement beaux (Abellio, Pacifiques, 1946, p.16).

d) [En parlant d'aliments] Sans accommodement, servi sans assaisonnement. Synon. nature.

• Petits pois au naturel. Un turbot au naturel (Brillat-Sav., Physiol. goût, 1825, p.168).

..... http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/naturel