Dic:// 'sans culottes' , references

1. https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/sans-culottes/

2. https://www.thoughtco.com/who-were-the-sans-culottes-1221898

" So why ‘Sans-culottes?’ The name literally means ‘without culottes’, a culotte being a form of knee-high clothing that only the wealthier members of French society wore. By identifying themselves as ‘without culottes’ they were stressing their differences from the upper classes of French society. Together with the Bonnet Rouge and the triple colored cockade, the power of the Sans-culottes was such that this became a quasi-uniform of revolution. Wearing culottes could get you into trouble if you ran into the wrong people during the revolution; as a result, even upper-class French people sported the sans-culottes clothing to avoid potential confrontations. "

3. https://www.britannica.com/topic/sansculotte

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-culottes

용어: 'streamed' and 'unstreamed' classes, or 'setting'

※ 발췌 (excerpts):

1. 출처: "Setting and streaming explained," https://www.theschoolrun.com/setting-and-streaming-explained

Teaching children by ability happens in many primary schools in the UK, but how do setting and streaming work in practice?

As parents, we all have a natural tendency to compare our children with others and secretly hope that ours are outperforming their peers. ^Finding out which 'set' or 'stream' they're in at school either reassure us that they're doing well, or leave us worrying that they're falling behind the rest of the class^. ( ... ... )

Setting and streaming explained

The term 'set' and 'stream' are often used interchangeably, but they are in fact two separate ways of grouping childrean according to their academic ability.

Streaming is where childrean are placed in groups according to their general academic ability; a child who is considered to be a high achiever across the broad may be put into the top stream.

Setting is where children are grouped by ability according to subject.  So a child who is achieving highly in math but is average at reading and spelling might be in the top set for maths, and the middle set for English.

Streaming and setting are more common in secondary schools than primary schools. 'Contray to popular belief, all secondary schools adopt some form of ability grouping, although the extent of it for each year group may vary,' explains Sue Hallam, professor of education and music psychology at UCL Institute of Education. 'At secondary school, children are frequently banded into broad attainment groups, and then setted within those bands for particular subjects.'

In Year 7, children may be put into sets or streams based on their Year 6 SATs, or on the results of CATs or other tests administered near the start of the year. A handful of secondary schools are 'bilateral', where the majority of children are given places non-selectively, but a percentage are admitted based on 11+ results, and are taught as a separate 'grammar stream'.

Although streaming at settng is less common in primary schools, some schools do group pupils according to ability. 'It was common when selections at 11 occurred, when the top stream would be entered for 11+ and the other streams would not,' Sur explains. ( ... ... )

출처 2: "Streaming in Schools: The Benefits of Grouping Students by Abiligy," https://wehavekids.com/education/STREAMINGThe-benefits-of-streaming-in-secondary-schools

Streaming refers to the grouping of students by ability. Stuents within a certain ability range are grouped together as a class. The objective is to allow like students to move ahead at a pace that matches their abilities.

Within a streamed class setting the teacher is able to set a suitable pace for the class and maintaining that pace. ( ... ... )

Dic:// mark for life

Mark someone for life:

─. To greatly affect, alter, or impair one's memory or psyche for the rest of one's life. Often used in passive constructions.

─. Fig. to affect someone for like.

• Seeing her parents die in such a terrible manner marked the poor girl for life.
• I hope such a traumatic event like that won't mark him for life!
• The tragedy marked her for life and she was never the same.
• She was marked for life by her brother's untimely death.

... Farlex Dic of Idioms, McGrow-Hill Dic of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs

용례:// 'district priorities' in school assignment (student assignment)

1. district priorities (eliminating a particular socioeconomic imbalance, for instance) ... https://www2.ed.gov/admins/comm/choice/magnet/report_pg7.html


2. district's priorities

Goal 2: The superintendent will align the District's priorities and resources through a community-involved planning process implemented through focused action plans with regular progress reports.


3. district's priorities for student assignment

People understood the problems associated with concentrating "under-served" students in the same school, but they also pointed to the challenges of both achieving and supporting diversity at school sites. Parents noted that schools that are currently academically and ethnically diverse struggle to serve the complex needs of their students. Most participants questioned whether any of the options would achieve this goal and asked why the district's priorities for student assignment did not address improving schools.


4. District Priorities

.... district leaders can turn federal grant budgets into a much more powerful tool for student achievement and use them to help fund many of the district's strategic priorities. ....

The complexity, silo-like management, and relative lack of visibility can lead to federal dollars being used well from a legal standpoint, but not from a strategic standpoint. Many districts have a wide range of grant-specific programs in place that are not as connected to one another, or to ^district priorities^, as they would be if the funding strategies were managed centrally by leaders charged with comprehensive district improvement. ...

Each major grant program is typically run by a separate manager, and as a result, it is difficult for many managers to resist "silo thinking." They lose the capacity to see or value a tight connection between "my grant program" and "the district priorities." The "silo thinking" is exacerbated by their sense of responsibility to ensure that "their grant program" complies with all federal and state requirements, including "allowable use" of funds, "maintenance of efforts," "supplement, not supplant," and reporting.

IDEA, the federal grant related to special education, offers districts several opportunities to integrate, coordinate, and align grant activities with district priorities:


5. district priorities:

... Non-autonomous principals reported a misalignment between school and district priorities and limited district support for improving school functioning.


6. Shifting Resources Strategically to Fund District Priorities

Collecting more detailed and better data than is typically collected during budget planning can reveal a surprising amount of resources for free up for district priorities. ....

This was the case for a district with around 5,000 students. Targets for staffing and class size were established, and most schools were living within these targets. Over time, however, student enrollment had shifted at certain schools and in certain grades, but staffing had remained fairly constant. When students moved, the schools they left did not adjust their staffing, but the schools to which the students moved were allocated more staff. Then when the district leaders reviewed staffing each year, they looked at the district's average class size, which appeared to be well within their class-size targets. Even the average across each school indicated the schools were operating within district targets. Only when district leaders looked at class sizes room by room, grade by grade, and school by school did they identify specific grades at specific schools that were well outside the targets. Even though these accounted for less than 10% of all classrooms in the district, adjustments to these resulted in savings of almost $500,000 which was then redirected toward other district priorities. This example highlights the importance of analyzing the data on a more granular level. It also demonstrates that opportunities can be found even in a tightly managed district, and that sizeable savings can result from relatively small adjustments.  ... https://www.dmgroupk12.com/docmanlinks/5-dmj-18-shifting-resources-strategically-to-fund-district-priorities/file

e북:// "A Grammar of the French Language, with Practical Exercises"

출처: Nicolas Wanostrocht, "A Grammar of the French Language, with Practical Exercises" Richardson & Lord, 1831.

e북: https://archive.org/details/agrammarfrenchl00frangoog/page/n4

Dic: lose// lose a word

lose:

a) to fail to see, hear, or understand:
b) to fail to keep in sight, mind, or existence.

• She did not lose a word of his speech.

... https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/lose

Dic: dismiss // dismiss something as something (in meanings of disregard, discount, reject)

CF. Dic: 무시하다, 일축하다, 묵살하다

대다수 사전들이 dismiss의 대표적 용례 하나로 'dismiss something as [화자가 보기에 부정적인 무엇]'을 꼽는데, 적지 않은 영어권 작가들이 'dismiss something as [화자가 보기에 긍정적인 무엇]'의 구문을 'something이 긍정적인 무엇임을 인정하지 않다/일축하다/묵살하다/무시하다/거부하다'의 용도로 쓴다. 

최근의 예를 보자면, 이런 문장:

• There are many who dismiss markets as mechanisms for establishing true values.
• 다른 예가 더 있을 터인데 ...

다음 문장에 등장한 did not show 와 as의 관계도 이와 비슷하게 작문된 예다. 여기서 'did not show'는 'disregard'와 비슷한 뜻이다.

• Before long, the president would want a way of measuring the economy that did indicate its total capacity to produce but did not show additional government expenditure on armaments as reducing the nation's output.  [출처]

하여, 사전의 풀이와 예문을 다시 찾아 적어본다. 사람 헷갈리게 만드니까...

***

─. If you dismiss something, you decide or say that it is not important enough for you to think about or consider. = discount. [V n as n, V n]

─. to refuse to consider someone's idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true or important.

─. To refuse to accept or recognize; reject.

─. To reject someone or something by viewing or designating it in a particular way.

• Mr Wakeham dismissed the reports as speculation.
• I would certainly dismiss any allegations of impropriety by the Labour Party.
• He just laughted and dismissed my proposal as unrealistic.
• It's an idea that shouldn't be dismissed out of hand (= dismissed immediately and completely).
• dismissed the claim as highly improbable.
• The studio may dismiss me as a dumb blonde, but i'll show them how versatile an actress I can be!
• The candidate dismissed the negative report about him as a total fabrication.

─ 2. If you dismiss something from your mind, you stop thinking about it. = banish. [V n from n, V n]

─. To stop considering; rid one's mid of; dispel

• I dismissed him from my mind.
• "It's been a lovely day," she said, dismissing the episode.
• dismissed all thoughts of running for office.

Dic:// unhelpful

─. If you say that someone or something is unhelpful, you mean that they do not help you or improve a situation, and may even make things worse.

─. not helping in a situation and sometimes making it worse.

─ 1. not improving a difficult situation:

• The instruction were badly written and unhelpful.
• I don't need any more of your unhelpful advice!

─ 2. not wanting to help someone, in a way that seems unfriendly:

• The shop assistant was rude and unhelpful.

─ 1. not willing or able to help.

• The woman was very unhelpful.

─ 2. not useful:

• Criticism is unhelpful, to say the least.

......Cobuild, LDOCE, CALD, Macmillan

Dic:// problematic (영영사전들 풀이를 반영해 놓으면 영한사전 수준으로 편집해 놓는다)

아래 영영 사전들의 풀이를 보면, 상당수의 문맥에서 이 어휘는 '문제 소지가 많다' '까다로운/심각한 난점을 초래한다' 등의 표현이 적절하다. '소지(素地)'란 말이 잘 쓰이지 않는 말일까?

─. 소지(素地): 문제가 되거나 부정적인 일 따위를 생기게 하는 원인. 또는 그렇게 될 가능성.

─ CF. [말글찻집] 가능·가성능/최인호 (2006년 6월 9일)

발췌: ( ... ... ) "이 밖에 ‘가능성’이라면 문장에 따라 ‘여지·소지·실현성·있음직한’ 등 다른 말로 다양하게 바꿔 쓸 수도 있다."

problematic:

─. full of problems or difficulties.

• Getting everyone there on time might prove problematic.

─. difficult to deal with or to understand; full of problems; not certain to be successful.

• The situation is more problematic than we first thought.
• Which are the most problematic countries in the world for journalist.

─. involving problems and difficult to deal with. (문제를 품고 있고/유발하다, 그리고 처리하기 어렵다)

─. difficult to understand, solve, or fix. (이해하고 해결하고 고치기 어렵다)

• a problematic [= puzzling] situation
• Rules of grammar are more problematic for non-native speakers.

─ 1. Not affording certainty:
    2. in doubt or dispute: (미심쩍다, 논란의 여지가 있다)

─ 1. debatable, problematic, problematical (open to doubt or debate)

• "If you ever get married, which seems to be extremely problematic"

   2. baffling, elusive, knotty, problematic, problematical, tough (making great mental demands; hard to comprehend or solve or believe)

• "a baffling problem"; 
• "I faced the knotty problem of what to have for breakfast";
•  "a problematic situation at home"

..... Cambridge ALD, OALD, LDOCE, Merriam-Webster, Roget's II, WordNet Online

Dic:// orthodox는 무조건 '정통', unorthodox는 무조건 '비정통'으로 기계 번역?

─. 정통(바를 正; 거느릴 統): 바른 계통. 정당한 계통, 혈통.

─. 정통(正統): 바른 계통. 적장(嫡長)의 혈통. 사물의 중심이 되는 요긴한 부분. ...

* * *

─ 1. orthodox beliefs, methods, or systems are ones which are accepted or used by most people. (= conventional, ≠ unorthodox)

• Many of these ideas are now being incorporate into orthodox medical treatment.

   2. If you describe someone as orthodox, you mean that they hold the older and more traditional ideas of their religion or party. (= conservative, traditional)

─ 1. conforming with established or accepted standards, as in religion, behaviour, or attitudes.

   2. ...

─ 1. orthodox ideas, methods, or behaviour are accepted by most people to be correct and right. (= conventional)

   2. someone who is orthodox has the opitions and beliefs that are generally accpeted as being right, and does not have new ideas or different ideas.

   3. ...

─ 1. ...

   4. Adhering to what is commonly accepted, customary, or traditional:

• an orthodox view of world affairs.

─ 1. (of beliefs, ideas or activities) considered traditional, normal and acceptable by most people:

• orthodox treatment/methods. 
• orthodox views/opinions. 
• We would prefer a more orthodox approach/solution to the problem.

─ 1. (esp of belies or behaviour) generally accepted or approved of; following generally accepted beliefs. (= traditional, ≠ unorthodox, cf. heterodox)

   2. following closely the traditional beliefs and practices of a religion.

... Cobuild, Collins, LDOCE, American Heritage, CALD, OALD

구어적 용어와 표상:// Wall Street vs. Main Street

'Wall Street vs. Main Street'의 대조를 '금융가와 그 밖의 평범한 사람들'이라고 표현했더니, 무슨 근거에서인지 편집자가 '금융가'와 '실물 경제 부문'라고 편집해 놓았다. 근거가 무엇이었느냐, 근거를 제시해 주면 그 근거를 가지고 미국의 저자에게 물어보겠다고 했더니, 그냥 '금융가'와 '평범한 사람들'은 대조를 이루는 어구가 아닌 것 같아서─즉 본인의 느낌 때문에─그랬다고 한다. 덧붙여, 네이버 지식백과 같은 자료를 찾아보았다고 하길래 이런 다른 문화권의 실생활 어휘에 부여되는 의미는 원어로 된 자료에서 확인해야 한다고 했더니 영어 자료도 확인해 봤단다. 정말 찾아 보고 검색물 속으로 들어가 내용을 읽어 보고 하는 이야기일까? ㅎ

온라인상으로 읽어만 봤던 자료들을 다시 검색해서 이제 기록으로 적어보자.ㅎ

※ 이하 발췌:

출처 1: What’s the Difference Between Wall Street and Main Street? (Money Badger, 2016)

When people talk about “Wall Street,” they’re discussing investment firms, corporations, “the 1%”, and everything in between. When people talk about “Main Street,” they’re really talking about the little guys: small businesses, the middle class, the economy, and more.





출처 2: 'Main Street' has meant many things over the years (Joe McClure | Pennlive.com, 2011년 12월 17일)

Main Street versus Wall Street. We hear pundits and politicians make this comparison all the time, especially since the Great Recession. Main Street represents the good guys, the hardworking average folks who form the backbone of the nation.

But the term "Main Street" hasn't always possessed such a positive meaning. It originally represented small-town provincialism and bigotry. As the decades have passed, nostalgia and the Great Recession have given it a more positive meaning.

The dim view of the small town was popularized by Sinclair Lewis' best-selling 1920 novel "Main Street." The novel established Lewis as a premier American satirist and launched a successful decade that made him the first American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1930.

( ... ... ) Scholar James Hutchisson writes that [Lewis's "Main Street"] was the most successful because of its satiric approach and because the time was ripe. After World War I, small towns were no longer an essential part of the economy, and their social attitudes were seen as outdated.

( ... ... )
( ... ... )

Scholar Richard O. Davies writes that after "Main Street," criticism of small towns became fashionable in the 1920, but after World War II it was replaced by nostalgia, which continues today. Disneyland and Magic Kingdom have a Main Street, USA, based in part on Walt Disney’s hometown of Marceline, Mo.

( ... ... )

Since the Great Recession, Main Street has gained another connotation: the home of the average American who is a victim of Washington and, especially, Wall Street. The 2008 presidential race magnified the Main Street-as-victim theme, with Barack Obama and John McCain using Main Street as a foil to the evils of Big Business. Since becoming president, Obama has continued to juxtapose Main Street and Wall Street. In 2009, he embarked on a White House to Main Street Tour. He has called for Wall Street reform as a way to “bring greater security to folks on Main Street.”

This year’s Republican presidential candidates have contrasted Main Street with Wall Street and Washington, too. Former candidate Herman Cain claimed he was a better choice than Mitt Romney for the Republican presidential nominee next year because Romney “has been more of a Wall Street executive. I have been more of a Main Street executive.” Texas Gov. Rick Perry says that if he’s president, Washington lobbyists no longer will set policy. Instead, “it will be dictated by Main Street.”

( ... ... )


출처 3: Main Street (Wikipedia, as of June 19, 2018)

Main Street is a generic phrase used to denote a primary retail street of a village, town or small city in many parts of the world. It is usually a focal point for shops and retailers in the central business district, and is most often used in reference to retailing and socializing.

( ... ... ) The best-selling 1920 novel Main Street was a critique of small town life, by the American writer Sinclair Lewis. The locale was "Gopher Prairie," presented as an 'ideal type' of the Midwestern town, and the heroine, Carol Kennicott, was a more urbane, 'ideal-typical' Progressive.

In North American media of later decades, "Main Street" represents the interests of everyday people and small business owners, in contrast with "Wall Street" (in the United States) or "Bay Street" (in Canada), symbolizing the interests of large national corporations. Thus, in the 1949 movie adaptation of On The Town, the song "When You Walk Down Main Street With Me" refers to small-town values and social life. Main Street Republicans, for example, see themselves as supporting those values as against urbane or "Wall Street" tendencies. ( ... ... )



출처 4:  Wall Street (Investing Answers)

( ... ) The name "Wall Street" is also frequently used to describe the financial services industry, generally. ( .... ) [It is] often shortened to "the Street"─to be synonymous with high finance, all manner of ivesting and general economic prosperity.

In popular cultrue, "Wall Street" stands in contrasts to "Main Street." Whill Wall Street is used to describe the capital markets and the financial industry. Main Street is typically used to describe the larger economy in which the vast majority of people live and work.

Main Street (Investing Answers):

Main Street refers to collectively to members of the general population who invest in the capital markets. individuals and businesses that do not work for financial and investment companies are considered part of Main Street. Main Street should not be confused with Wall Street, which refers to members of the brokerage and financial services community. Main Street invests in the capital markets as investment clients through Wall Street. ( ... ... )


출처 5: Main Street (Investopedia)

Main Street is a colloquial term used to refer to individual investors, employees and the overal economy. Main Street is typically contrasted with Wall Street, with the latter referring to the financial markets, major financial institutions and big corporations, as well as the high-level employees, managers and executives of those firms. You'll find ofter hear about Main Street vs. Wall Street in rhetoric about the different goals, knowledge levels, interests and political power of these two groups.

Main Street can also describe small, independent investment company (i.e., a Main Street firm) as opposed to one of the large, globally recognized Wall Street investment firms. Wall Street firms tend to serve large investors with multi-billion dollar assets, like institutions, while Main Street firms tend to be better suited to serving small, individual investors by providing more personalized service.

Main Street is often seen as being the opposite of Wall Street. This can lead to some very unpleasant attitudes on both sides. ( ... ... )  Some people think that what's good for Wall Street is bad for Main Street and vice versa. ( ... ... )


... ...

발췌읽기: 스타일레슨// 2장 ‘달리는 동사’

출처: 《스타일 레슨: 명확하고 아름다운 영어 글쓰기》 조셉 윌리엄스/조셉 비접 지음 | 라성일/윤영삼 옮김 | 크레센도 펴냄 2018.


※ 발췌:

2.1_ 문장에 대한 느낌은 어디서 오는 것일까?

( ... ... )

1a. The cause of our schools' failure at teaching basic skills is not understanding the influence of cultural background on learning.

1b. Our schools have failed to teach basic skills because they do not understand how cultural background influences the way a child learns.

대부분 1a는 어렵고 복잡한 반면, 1b는 훨씬 명확하며 간결하다고 말할 것이다. ( ... ... ) 문제는 문장 ‘속’ 어떤 요소가 그런 느낌을 선사하는지 알아야 한다는 것이다. 그래야만 자신에게는 술술 읽히지만, 독자에게는 쉽게 읽히지 않는 부분이 어디인지 [... 알 수 있다.]

그러기 위해서는 먼저 스토리의 기본적인 구성 원리를 알아야 한다.


2.2_ 스토리텔링: 누가 무엇을 하는가?

( ... ... )

2a. Once upon a time, as a walk through the woods was taking place on the part of the Little Red Riding Hood, the Wolf's jump out from behind a tree occurrred, causing her fright.

이렇게 글을 쓰는 사람은 없다. ( ... ... )

2b. Once upon a time, Little Red Riding Hood was walking through the woods, when the Wolf jumped out from behind a tree and frightened her.

우리가 2a보다 2b를 더 명확한 문장이라고 생각하는 이유는[,]

• 주요 행위자가 동사의 주어 자리에 온다.
• 동사는 구체적 행위를 표현한다.

2.2.1_ 명확성 원칙 1: 주요 행위자를 주어로 표현한다.

  ─. 2a의 주어, ...

Once upon a time, as a walk through the woods was taking place on the part of Little Red Riding Hood, the Wolf's jump out from behind a tree occurred, causing her fright. 

• 주어: a walk, jump → 행위자가 아니라 행위를 묘사하는 추상적 의미의 명사.
• 동사:was taking place, occurred → 구체적 행위가 아니라 빈 동사(empty verb)에 근접하는 포괄적인 의미를 가지는 동사.
• 행위자: Little Red Riding Hood, Wolf, her

 ─. 추상명사가 주어로 사용된 2a와 달리, 2b에서는 행위자와 주어가 일치한다.

2b. Once upon a time, Little Red Riding Hood was walking through the woods, when the Wolf jumped out from behind a tree and frightened her.

( ... ... )


2.2.2_ 명확성 원칙 2: 주요 행위를 동사로 표현한다.

 ─. 2a에서 행위와 동사가 [다르다.] 실제 행위가 추상명사(a walk, jump) 속에 들어 있으며, 동사(was taking place, occurred)의 의미가 매우 포괄적이다. 반면에, 2b에서 동사는 구체적 행위를 표시한다.

2b. Once upon a time, Little Red Riding Hood was walking through the woods, when the Wolf jumped out from behind a tree and frightened her. 

2.3_ 스토리텔링과 전문가의 글쓰기

논문, 보고서, 매뉴얼, 칼럼 등 대학이나 기업에서 요구하는 글과 스토리텔링은 차원이 다른 글쓰기처럼 보이지만, 사실은 전혀 그렇지 않다. 어떤 글에서든 문장은 대개 ‘누가 무엇을 한다’는 것을 진술하기 때문이다. ( ... ... )

3a.The Federalists' argument in regard to the destabilization of government by popular democracy was based on their belief in the tendency of factions to further their self-interest at the expense of the common good.

• 3a에서 첫째, 행위자가 주어로 등장하지 않는다. 핵심 주어는 argument인 반면에 실제 행위자는 Federalists, popular democracy, government, factions이다.
• 둘째, 실제 행위는 동사로 표현되지 않고 추상명사로 표현된다. (argument, destabilization, belief, tendency)
• 셋째, 길고 복잡한 전체 주어(The Federalists' argument in regard to the destabilization of government by popular democracy)에 비해 주요 동사 was based는 의미 측면에서 매우 빈약하다.

 ─. 독자들이 3b를 더 명확하다고 느끼는 것은 두 가지 이유 때문이다. 행위자가 주어로 등장하고, 행위가 동사로 표현되기 때문이다.

3b.The Federalists argued that popular democracy destabilized government, because they believed that factions tended to further their self-interest at the expense of the common good.

( ... ... )


2.4_ 주요 행위를 동사로 표현하라

아래 4a는 행위가 모두 명사로 표혀되어 있는 반면, 4b는 행위가 거의 동사로 표현되어 있다. 의미가 추상적인 명사를 많이 사용하는 글은 의미가 응축되어 있다는 느낌을 준다. ( ... ... ) 한국어의 경우, 추상적인 명사가 과도하게 늘어서 일을 때 ‘의’, ‘─에 대한/관한’처럼 명사와 명사를 연결해주는 기능어(조사)[다른 표현??]가 많이 나온다. 이러한 [연결 어구가] 많을수록 글은 더욱 어렵게 느껴진다.

4a. Our lack of data prevented evaluation of UN actions in targeting funds to areas most in need of assistance.

4b. Because we lacked data, we could not evaluate whether the UN had targeted funds to areas that most needed assistance.

동사나 형용사를 명사로 바꾸는 것을 ‘명사화(nominalization)’라고 한다.

( ... ... )

• 행위를 동사로 표현한 예: 

We request that you review the data.

• 행위를 명사로 표현한 예:

Our request is that you conduct a review of the data.

가끔은 형용사 속에 행위가 숨어 있는 경우도 있다.

It is applicable → It applies
It is indicative → It indicates
I am dubious → I doubt
I do not wish to be argumentative → I do not wish to argue
He is deserving → He deserves

※ Practice─직접 고쳐보자

 ─ 1. 진단: “문장 앞머리에 등장하는 짧은(4~5 낱말) 도입부는 제외하고, 문장 첫머리에 등장하는 7~8 낱말에 밑줄을 친다.”

→ ‘앞머리’란 말과 ‘첫머리’란 말이 비슷한 말로 다가와서 혼선을 초래한다. 책의 2판이나 2쇄에서 아예 다른 어휘들로 바꾸어 표현됨이 좋을 듯하다.
→ 내가 읽기로는 “문장 처음의 기능적인 연결 어구는 제외하고, 문장의 뼈대가 시작되는 첫머리의 7~8 낱말에 밑줄을 친다”로 이해해야 할 듯하다.

The outsourcing of high-tech work to Asia by corporations means the loss of jobs for many American workers.

• 핵심주어가 추상적인 명사
• ( ... ... )

 ─ 2. 분석 → 3. 수정:

   (첫째) 행위자를 찾아내서 주어로 배치, (둘째) 명사화된 행위를 찾아내서 동사로 바꿔라

• 행위자 1: corporations → Corporations outsource high-tech work...
• 행위자 2: many American workers → Many American workers lose jobs

   (셋째) because, if, when, although, why, how, whether, that과 같은 종속 접속사를 활용하여 절을 연결하라.

Many middle-class workers lose their jobs, because corporations outsource [their] high-tech work to Asia.

   (cf) 책에서는 동사를 현재진행형으로 제시해 놓았다.

Many middle-class workers are losing their jobs, because corporations are outsourcing their high-tech work to Asia.

2.5_ 일반적인 명사화 패턴


동사를 명사로 표현하는 5가지 주된 패턴. ( ... ... )

(1) 명사화된 낱말이 주어로 쓰이고 빈 동사가 나온다

   행위를 명사에 담아 버리면 동사에 표시할 행위가 남지 않기 때문에 빈 동사(empty verb)─be, seem, have 등─를 써야만 한다.

The intention of the committee is to audit the records. →

The committee intends to audit the records.

(2) 빈 동사 다음에 명사화된 낱말이 나온다

The agency conducted an investigation into the matter. →

The agency investigated the matter.

(3) 명사화된 낱말이 주어로 쓰이고 빈 동사가 나온 다음, 또 다른 명사화된 낱말이 나온다

Our loss in sales was a result of their expansion of outlets.

• (첫째) 명사화된 행위를 동사를 바꾼다. loss → lose, expansion → expand
• (둘째) 동사로 바꾼 행위의 행위자를 찾아서, (셋째) 그 행위자를 주어로 배치한다. We lose..., they expand
• (넷째) 행위자들의 행동을 두 절의 논리적 관계로 연결한다. 인과(because, since, when...), 조건(if, provided that, so long as...), 양보(though, although, unless...)

→ We lost sales because they expanded their outlets

(4) there is, there are 다음에 명사화된 낱말이 나온다

There is no need for our further study of this problem.

• ( ... ... )

→ We need not study this problem further.

(5) 명사화된 낱말 두세 개가 전치사로 연결된다

We did a review of the evolution of the brain.

• (첫째) 첫 번째 명사화된 낱말을 동사로 바꾼다. review → review
• (둘째) 두 번째 명사화된 낱말은 그대로 두거나, 동사로 바꾸어 how나 why로 시작하는 절 속의 동사로 바꾼다

→ We reviewed the evolution of the brain.

→ We reviewed how the brain evolved.

2.6_ 명사화된 구문을 풀면 무엇이 좋아지는가?

( ... ... )

Dic:// blue-sky

─ 1. a) Not limited by conventional notions of what is practical or feasible; imaginative or visionary.

• "Proponents of blue-sky thinking often cite the Wright brothers as validation." (David Colman)

─  . b) Unrealistic or impractical.

• "[The author] shows what is testable physics, what is philosophy's domain, and what is blue-sky nonsense." (Ann Finkbeiner)

─ 2. or blue-skied. Having a cloudless sky; clear: a blue-sky day.

─ 3. intr.v. To hold or express unrealistic or impractical views, esp in estimating something.

─. n (modifier) of or denoting theoretical research without regard to any future application of its result: a blue-sky project.

─. v. To theorize (about something that may not lead to any practical application)

....... American Heritage 5th edn 2016, Collins

Dic: 명맥// existence, ...

─. 명맥을 이어가다: keep alive, retain life, remain in existence ...

─. 명맥이 짧다: be short-lived, have a short life, ....

─. 겨우 명맥을 이어가다:

• barely keep oneself in existence
• maintain one's slender existence
• The company is barely keeping its head above water.
• Development of commercial property has kept the construction industry afloat despite the slowing demand for new houses.

.... 동아 프라임 한영, 능률교육, YBM

Dic:// nerves, nerve

─. [N-Plural, usu poss N] If your refer to someone's nerves, you mean their ability to cope with problems such as stress, worry, and danger.

• Jill's nerves are stretched to breaking point.
• I can be very patient, and then I can burst if my nerves are worn out.

─. [N-Uncount] Nerve is the courage that you need in order to do something difficult or dangerous. (= courage)

• The brandy made him choke, but it restored his nerve.
• He never got up enough nerve to meet me.

─. [noncount] courage that allows you to do something that is dangerous, difficult, or frightening.

• It takes a lot of nerve to start a new career.
• He found/summoned the nerve to stand up to his boss.
• I was going to ask her to the dance, but I lost my nerve.

─. [singular, noncount] the rude attitude of someone who says or does things that make other people angry or upset.

• You have a lot of nerve to talk me that way.
• I can't believe she had the nerve to call me a liar.
• "After making the mess, he didn't even offer to help clean it up." "What (a) nerve!"

• Has this ever happen to you? You see this really beautiful girl that you would love to approach. You try to build up your nerve but you make excuses like, "I'm scared" or "I'm too nervous." Pondering, stalling, postponing, reconsidering, these are all delaying tactics that impede action.

.....Cobuild, Merriam-Webster Learner's, and others

Dic: mill// mill around, mill about

mill: n. & v. :

─. A mill is a building in which grain is crushed to make flour. (방앗간)
─. A mill is a factory used for making and processing materials such as steel, wool, or cotton.
─. To mill something such as wheat or pepper means to grind it in a mill.


mill around, mill about:

─. move about in a confused manner.

─. When a crowd of people mill around or mill about, they move around within a particular place or area, so that the movement of the whole crowd looks very confused.

• Quite a few people milling about, but nothing was happening.
• Dozens of people milled around Charing Cross Road and Denmark Street.

─. If a lot of people mill around, they move around a place in different directions without any particular purpose.

• Crowds of students were milling around in the street.
• There were a lot of people milling around the entrance.

─. mill. 2) vi. [of a group of people] to walk around in a general area without any particular aim or purpose.

• The crowd was milling outside the exit.

   [usu + around or (BrE) about]

• People were just milling around while they waited.

......... WordNet, Cobuild, LDOCE, Merriam-Webster Learner's

Dic: glance// steal a glance at

─. If you steal a glance at someone or something, you look at them quickly so that nobody sees you looking.

• He stole a glance at the clock behind her.

─. To look at someone or something very quickly and discreetly.

• That boy just stole a glance at you again! I think he likes you!
• I stole a glance to see if the teacher was watching us.

─. Fig. to sneak a peek at someone or something.

• He stole a glance at his brother, who appeared to be as frightened as he was.
• Karen stole a glance at her watch and yawned.

....... Cobuild, Farlex Dic of Idioms, McGrow-Hill Dic of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs.

Dic: take back// take someone back

─. take (someone) back: to cause (someone) to remember a time or event - usu. + to.

• This meal takes me back to [= it makes me remember] our vacation in Mexico.
• a song that takes you back to your childhood.

─. If you say that something takes you back, you mean that it reminds you of a period of your past life and makes you think about it again.

• I enjoyed experimenting with colours─it took me back to being five years old.
• This takes me back.

─. to remind one of the past; cause one to reminisce

• That tune really takes me back.

─. to make you remember a time in the past.

• Having the grandchildren around takes me back to days when my own children were small.

........ Merriam-Webster Learner's, Cobuild, Collins, LDOCE

Dic: lock// have a lock on something

a lock:

─. [US informal, singular] complete control of something

• He appears to have a lock on the nomination for governor. [= he appears to be sure of getting the nomination for governor]
• He has been able to get a lock on the nomination.
• There seems to be no danger that the company will lose its lock on the industry.

─. [US informal, usu singular] someone or something that is certain to have or do something.

• He's a lock for the nomination. = He's a lock to get the nomination. [= he is certain to get the nomination]
• The team is a lock to win the championship.

─. [count, usu singular] something that is certain to happen.

• It looks like his nomination is a lock.

─. a lock on sth: AmE. complete control of something.

• Pro football still has a lock on male viewers aged 18 to 34.

─. a secure hold or grip.

• The distributor has a lock on most of the market.

─. have/get a lock on something: to have/get total control of something or understand it completely.

• Both factions thought they had a lock on the latest trend.

......... Merriam-Webster Learners', LDOCE, American Heritage, Macmillan

Dic:// eat someone's lunch

─. Slang. to best someone; to defeat, outwit, or win against someone. (Like scholl bully taking away children's lunches and eating them)

─. Overwhelm the competition. To eat the lunch of a competitor implies blatantly taking bread (sales) from it.

• As humans are predators and they are not all equally capable some of these predators eat the lunch of others.

..... Dictionary of American Idioms; Understanding American Business Jargon: A Dictionary; 예문