[발췌] Collateral Costs: Incarceratino's Effect on Economic Mobility (2010)

출처: Collateral Costs: Incarceratino's Effect on Economic Mobility. Pew Charitable Trust. 2010.

※ 발췌 (excerpt):

There are several paths through which serving a term of incarceration may adversely affect employment prospects:

- Inmates are necessarily withdrawn from society and have severely limited opportunity to gain work experience while incarcerate.
- Inmates build relationships with a highly criminally active peer group, a factor that may permanently alter their future work trajectory.
- Released inmates usually are placed on parole or some form of supervision, a status that increases the likelihod of future incarceration spells since viloations of supervision rules are grounds for return to prison.
- Incarceratin can generate child suport arreagages for non-custodial fathers, a factor that may decrease the incentive to work.

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Tossed into a competitive labor market, former inmates are viewed suspiciously by many prospective employers. They bear the indelible stigma of incarceration that ranks them low or any list of job candidates, and face a number of laws barring them from working in certain occupations. Finally, while some employers might be inclined to hire a former inmate, many are dissuaded from doing so by potential legal and financial liabilities.[n27]

[n27] Harry Holzer (2009). "Collateral Costs: Effects of Incarceration on Employment and Earnings Among Young Workers." In ^Do Prisons Make Us Safer? The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom^, ed. Steven Raphael and Michael Stoll, 239-263. New York: Russel Sage Foundation.

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The first approach is straightforward and begins with the proactive reconnection of former inmates with the job market. Research on the process of transitioning from prison back to the community has documented the importance of securing stable employment as a critical contributing factor to successful reentry. However, there are numerous barriers, both formal and informal, for ex-inmates who are seeking work. Formerly incarcerated people can be prohibited by law from working in many industries, living in public housing, and receiving various governmental benefits, including Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), food stamps and educational benefits. And the stigma of having a felony record can be insurmountable obstacle when a former inmate is eligible for employment. Job seekers with a criminal record are offered half as many positions as those without criminal records, and African American applicants receive two-thirds fewer offers. These scenarios are the catalyst for effort by some to remove the collateral consequences of incarceration and to "ban the box," which would prevent employers from requiring that job seekers disclose past criminal convictions on job applicants.[n54]