Dic: Liquidity ratios

[1] Baron's Banking Dictionary: Liquidity ratios (간접출처: Answers.com)

Key financial ratios measuring a bank's application of interest-earning deposit liabilities to fund loan growth, expressed as a percentage. There are four primary liquidity ratios: 

1. cash and unpledged marketable securities divided by total assets; 
2. total deposits divided by borrowed funds; 
3. volatile funds divided by liquid assets; and 
4. total loans divided by total deposits (most commonly used). 

A low ratio of loans to deposits indicates excess liquidity, and potentially low profits, compared to other banks. A high loan-to-deposit ratio presents the risk that some loans may have to be sold at a loss to meet depositors' claims.

[2] INVESTOPEDIA: Liquidity ratios

A class of financial metrics that is used to determine a company's ability to pay off its short-terms debts obligations. Generally, the higher the value of the ratio, the larger the margin of safety that the company possesses to cover short-term debts.

Common liquidity ratios include [:] 

• the current ratio, 
• the quick ratio and 
• the operating cash flow ratio. 

Different analysts consider different assets to be relevant in calculating liquidity. Some analysts will calculate only the sum of cash and equivalents divided by current liabilities because they feel that they are the most liquid assets, and would be the most likely to be used to cover short-term debts in an emergency.

A company's ability to turn short-term assets into cash to cover debts is of the utmost importance when creditors are seeking payment. Bankruptcy analysts and mortgage originators frequently use the liquidity ratios to determine whether a company will be able to continue as a going concern.

Testing a company's liquidity is a necessary step in analyzing a company. Read Liquidity Measurement Ratios to further improve your understanding of these ratios.

[3]-1. Liquidity ratios (Campbell R. Harvey via Financial Dictionary)

Ratios that measure a firm's ability to meet its short-term financial obligations on time, such as the ratio of current assets to current liabilities.

[3]-2. Cash Asset Ratio (Farlex Financial Dictionary via Financial Dictionary)

A ratio of a company's cash and liquid assets to its total liabilities. A cash asset ratio measures a company's liquidity and how easily it can service debt and cover short-term liabilities if the need arises. As a result, potential creditors use this ratio in determining whether or not to make short-term loans. It is also called the liquidity ratio and the current ratio.

[3]-3. Cash Ratio (Farlex Financial Dictionary via Financial Dictionary)

1. A ratio of a company's cash and liquid assets to its total liabilities. A cash ratio is a measure of company's liquidity and how easily it can service debt and cover short-term liabilities if the need arises. As a result, potential creditors use this ratio in determining whether or not to make short-term loans. It is also called the liquidity ratio and the cash asset ratio.

2. In banking, a ratio of a bank's cash and cash equivalents to its demand deposits. See also: Reserve requirement.

[4] 금융감독원 금융지식센터

• 원화유동성비율(Liquidity Ratio): 

" 고객의 예금청구에 대한 지급, 기타 채무의 상환 및 신규대출취급, 경영에 필요한 자산의 취득과 적정한 성장에 필요한 자금 등 은행의 자금수요에 적절히 대처할 수 있는 능력인 유동성의 정도를 나타내는 비율을 말한다. 은행이 수요에 충분한 자금을(sufficient volume) 시의적절하게(in timely manner) 그리고 합리적인 비용(at a reasonable cost)으로 조달할 수 있을 때 유동성이 양호한 것으로 평가한다. 동 비율은 은행계정과 종금계정내의 모든 자산과 부채뿐만 아니라 난외계정도 포함하여 잔존 1개월 이내의 원화유동성자산을 잔존만기 1개월 이내의 원화유동성부채로 나누어서 계산된다. 그러나 1개월 이내에 현금화가 불가능하거나 현금화에 비용이 소요되는 자산(고정자산, 담보로 제공된 자산 등)은 유동성자산에서 제외된다. 현재 일반은행 및 외은지점은 100%, 수출입은행을 제외한 특수은행은 70% 이상의 원화유동성비율을 유지하여야 한다. "

• 유동성커버리지비율(Liquidity Coverage Ratio)

" 단기 유동성커버리지비율(LCR)은 30일간의 잠재적인 유동성 위기상황에 대처할 수 있도록 제약조건이 없이 활용 가능한 고유동성자산을 충분히 보유토록 한 지표이다. 은행은 해당 금융기관 신용등급의 큰 폭 하향 조정, 예금의 일부 이탈, 무담보 도매자금조달 중단, 담보가치 할인율 큰 폭 상승, 파생거래 관련 추가담보 요구, (계약 또는 비계약상의)난외 익스포져 관련 대규모 자금인출 요구(차주 요청시 자금제공 의무가 있는 신용 및 유동성 공여약정 포함) 등의 심각한 스트레스 상황으로 단기 유동성 위기 상황시 직면할 수 있다. 이러한 지표를 통해 심각한 스트레스 상황을 사전에 감지하고 예방하기 위하여 바젤III에 도입되었다. "