자료 1: IMF Fact Sheet, http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/kor/quotask.pdf (2010년 11월 현재)
(... 전략) 쿼터 출자는 IMF 재원의 대부분을 구성한다. 각 IMF 회원국은 주로 세계 경제에서의 상대적 지위에 따라 쿼터를 배정받는다. 회원국의 쿼터는 IMF에 대한 최대 출자금과 투표권을 결정하고, IMF 금융 사용권과 관계가 있다.
■ 회원국의 쿼터를 결정하는 방법:
한 국가가 IMF 에 가입할 때는 경제 규모와 특성이 대체적으로 비슷한 기존 회원국의 쿼터와
같은 범위의 초기 쿼터가 배정된다. IMF 는 쿼터 계산 공식을 회원국의 상대적 지위를 평가하는 지침으로 사용한다.
현행 쿼터 계산 공식은 GDP(50 퍼센트의 비중), 개방성(30 퍼센트), 경제적 가변성(15 퍼센트), 국제준비금(5 퍼센트)의 가중평균이다. 쿼터 계산 목적상, GDP 는 시장환율(60 퍼센트의 비중)과 PPP 환율(40 퍼센트)에 기준한 혼합 GDP 로 측정된다. 또한 이 공식에는 계산된 쿼터 지분이 회원국들에 대해 분산되는 것을 줄이는 “압축 인자”가 포함되어 있다{독자註: 원문을 봐야 무슨 뜻인지 알 수 있겠다}.
쿼터는 IMF 의 회계 단위인 특별인출권(SDR)으로 표시된다. IMF 의 최대 회원국은 현재 371 억 SDR(약 560 억 달러)의 쿼터를 보유하고 있는 미국이고, (...)
■ IMF 에서 쿼터가 수행하는 몇 가지 주요 역할:
회원국의 쿼터는 다음과 같은 IMF 와의 재정적, 조직적 관계의 기본적인 측면을 나타낸다.
(1) 출자(쿼터 지분). 회원국의 쿼터 출자는 회원국이 IMF 에 제공할 의무가 있는 재원의 최대 금액을 결정한다. 회원국은 [IMF]에 가입할 때 출자금을 다음과 같이 전액 납입해야 한다:
- 최대 25 퍼센트는 SDR 또는 광범위하게 통용되는 화폐(미국 달러, 유로, 엔, 영국 파운드 등)로 납입해야 하고, 나머지 출자금은 회원국 자체 통화로 납입.
(2) 투표권(투표 지분). 쿼터는 IMF의 의사결정 과정에서 회원국의 투표권을 대부분 결정한다. 각 IMF 회원국은 250 개의 기본 투표권을 보유하며, 쿼터가 100,000 SDR 증가할 때마다 1 개의 투표권이 추가된다. 따라서, 미국은 현재 371,743 개의 투표권(총 투표권의 16.74 퍼센트)을 보유하고 있고, 투발루는 현재 268 개의 투표권(총 투표권의 0.01 퍼센트)을 보유하고 있다. 기본 투표권의 수는 2008 년 4 월의 개혁이 발효되면 변경될 것이다.
(3) 금융 사용권. 한 회원국이 IMF 로부터 제공 받을 수 있는 금융 금액(금융 사용 한도)은 쿼터에 기준하여 결정된다. 예를 들면, 한 회원국은 대기 및 확대 협정에 따라 매년 쿼터의 최대 200 퍼센트, 그리고 누적 금액으로 최대 600 퍼센트까지 차입할 수 있다. 그러나, 특별한 상황에서는 더 많은 금액을 차입할 수도 있다. (... 이하 생략)
자료 2: IMF's Organizations and Finances
1. Management: (...)
2. Staff of international civil servants: (...)
3. Quotas
The Special Drawing Right (SDR) is an international reserve asset, created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement the existing official reserves of member countries.
The SDR is neither a currency, nor a claim on the IMF. Rather, it is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF members. Holders of SDRs can obtain these currencies in exchange for their SDRs in two ways: first, through the arrangement of voluntary exchanges between members; and second, by the IMF designating members with strong external positions to purchase SDRs from members with weak external positions. In addition to its role as a supplementary reserve asset, the SDR serves as the unit of account of the IMF and some other international organizations.
5. Gold: (...)
6. Borrowing arrangements: (...)
자료 3: Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund
자료 4: By-Laws Rules and Regulations of the International Monetary Fund
자료 2: IMF's Organizations and Finances
1. Management: (...)
2. Staff of international civil servants: (...)
3. Quotas
Each member country's quota broadly reflects the size of its economy: the larger a country's economy in terms of output and the larger and more variable its trade, the larger its quota tends to be. For example, the world's biggest economy, the United States, has the largest quota in the IMF.Quotas, together with the equal number of basic votes each member has, determine countries'voting power. They also help determine how much countries can borrow from the IMF and their share in allocations of special drawing rights or SDRs (the reserve currency created by the IMF in 1969).
- Countries pay 25 percent of their quota subscriptions in SDRs or major currencies, such as U.S. dollars, euros, pounds sterling, or Japanese yen.
- They pay the remaining 75 percent in their own currencies. The IMF's lending resources come mainly from the money that countries pay as these quota subscriptions when they become members. (... ...)
The Special Drawing Right (SDR) is an international reserve asset, created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement the existing official reserves of member countries.
The SDR is neither a currency, nor a claim on the IMF. Rather, it is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF members. Holders of SDRs can obtain these currencies in exchange for their SDRs in two ways: first, through the arrangement of voluntary exchanges between members; and second, by the IMF designating members with strong external positions to purchase SDRs from members with weak external positions. In addition to its role as a supplementary reserve asset, the SDR serves as the unit of account of the IMF and some other international organizations.
SDR’s value
The value of the SDR is based on a basket of key international currencies—the euro, Japanese yen, pound sterling, and U.S. dollar. The U.S. dollar-value of the SDR is posted daily on the IMF’s website. The basket composition is reviewed every five years by the Executive Board to ensure that it reflects the relative importance of currencies in the world’s trading and financial systems.
The SDR interest rate provides the basis for calculating the interest charged to members on regular (nonconcessional) IMF loans, the interest paid and charged to members on their SDR holdings, and the interest paid to members on a portion of their quota subscriptions. The SDR interest rate is determined weekly and is based on a weighted average of representative interest rates on short-term debt in the money markets of the SDR basket currencies.
SDR allocations to IMF members
Under its Articles of Agreement, the IMF may allocate SDRs to members in proportion to their IMF quotas, providing each member with a costless asset. However, if a member’s SDR holdings rise above its allocation, it earns interest on the excess; conversely, if it holds fewer SDRs than allocated, it pays interest on the shortfall.
There are two kinds of allocations:
General allocations of SDRs. General allocations have to be based on a long-term global need to supplement existing reserve assets. Decisions to allocate SDRs have been made three times: in 1970-72, for SDR 9.3 billion; in 1979–81, for SDR 12.1 billion; and in August 2009, for an amount of SDR 161.2 billion.
Special allocations of SDRs. A special one-time allocation of SDRs through the Fourth Amendment of the Articles of Agreement was implemented in September 2009. The purpose of this special allocation was to enable all members of the IMF to participate in the SDR system on an equitable basis and correct for the fact that countries that joined the Fund after 1981—more than one-fifth of the current IMF membership—had never received an SDR allocation.
With the general SDR allocation of August 2009 and the special allocation of Setember 2009, the amount of SDRs increased from SDR 21.4 billion to SDR 204.1 billion (currently equivalent to about $317 billion).
6. Borrowing arrangements: (...)
자료 3: Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund
자료 4: By-Laws Rules and Regulations of the International Monetary Fund
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