Dic:// 'sans culottes' , references

1. https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/sans-culottes/

2. https://www.thoughtco.com/who-were-the-sans-culottes-1221898

" So why ‘Sans-culottes?’ The name literally means ‘without culottes’, a culotte being a form of knee-high clothing that only the wealthier members of French society wore. By identifying themselves as ‘without culottes’ they were stressing their differences from the upper classes of French society. Together with the Bonnet Rouge and the triple colored cockade, the power of the Sans-culottes was such that this became a quasi-uniform of revolution. Wearing culottes could get you into trouble if you ran into the wrong people during the revolution; as a result, even upper-class French people sported the sans-culottes clothing to avoid potential confrontations. "

3. https://www.britannica.com/topic/sansculotte

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-culottes

용어: 'streamed' and 'unstreamed' classes, or 'setting'

※ 발췌 (excerpts):

1. 출처: "Setting and streaming explained," https://www.theschoolrun.com/setting-and-streaming-explained

Teaching children by ability happens in many primary schools in the UK, but how do setting and streaming work in practice?

As parents, we all have a natural tendency to compare our children with others and secretly hope that ours are outperforming their peers. ^Finding out which 'set' or 'stream' they're in at school either reassure us that they're doing well, or leave us worrying that they're falling behind the rest of the class^. ( ... ... )

Setting and streaming explained

The term 'set' and 'stream' are often used interchangeably, but they are in fact two separate ways of grouping childrean according to their academic ability.

Streaming is where childrean are placed in groups according to their general academic ability; a child who is considered to be a high achiever across the broad may be put into the top stream.

Setting is where children are grouped by ability according to subject.  So a child who is achieving highly in math but is average at reading and spelling might be in the top set for maths, and the middle set for English.

Streaming and setting are more common in secondary schools than primary schools. 'Contray to popular belief, all secondary schools adopt some form of ability grouping, although the extent of it for each year group may vary,' explains Sue Hallam, professor of education and music psychology at UCL Institute of Education. 'At secondary school, children are frequently banded into broad attainment groups, and then setted within those bands for particular subjects.'

In Year 7, children may be put into sets or streams based on their Year 6 SATs, or on the results of CATs or other tests administered near the start of the year. A handful of secondary schools are 'bilateral', where the majority of children are given places non-selectively, but a percentage are admitted based on 11+ results, and are taught as a separate 'grammar stream'.

Although streaming at settng is less common in primary schools, some schools do group pupils according to ability. 'It was common when selections at 11 occurred, when the top stream would be entered for 11+ and the other streams would not,' Sur explains. ( ... ... )

출처 2: "Streaming in Schools: The Benefits of Grouping Students by Abiligy," https://wehavekids.com/education/STREAMINGThe-benefits-of-streaming-in-secondary-schools

Streaming refers to the grouping of students by ability. Stuents within a certain ability range are grouped together as a class. The objective is to allow like students to move ahead at a pace that matches their abilities.

Within a streamed class setting the teacher is able to set a suitable pace for the class and maintaining that pace. ( ... ... )